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      <h1 id="概述">概述</h1>
<p>类加载需经过加载、连接、初始化三个阶段。</p>
<h2 id="类的加载">类的加载</h2>
<p>类的加载，指将类的class文件读入内存，并为其创建一个Class对象。</p>
<p>类的加载由类加载器（jvm提供）完成。</p>
<p>（细节参考 类加载器 一节）</p>
<h2 id="类的连接">类的连接</h2>
<p>类的连接，指把类的二进制数据合并到JRE中。又分三个阶段：</p>
<p>1）验证：验证被加载类内部结构是否正确，并和其它类协调一致。</p>
<p>2）准备：为类的类变量分配内存，并设置默认值。</p>
<p>3）解析：将类的二进制数据中的符号引用替换成直接引用。</p>
<h2 id="类的初始化">类的初始化</h2>
<p>类的初始化，指对类变量进行初始化。有两种方式：</p>
<ul>
<li>声明类变量时指定初始值；</li>
<li>使用静态初始化块</li>
</ul>
<p>类初始化包含以下步骤：</p>
<ul>
<li>假如这个类还没有连接，则程序先加载并连接该类</li>
<li>假如该类的直接父类还没有被初始化，则先初始化其直接父类</li>
<li>假如类中有初始化语句，则系统依次执行这些初始化语句</li>
</ul>
<p>当执行第2步时，系统对直接父类初始化时也遵循步骤1~3，如果直接父类又有直接父类，也遵循1~3步骤，依此类推，直到Object类。</p>
<p>（注意：此处说的都是类变量）</p>
<h1 id="类加载器">类加载器</h1>
<p>一旦一个类被加载入JVM中，同一个类就不会被再次载入。在JVM中，如何判断同一个类呢？全限定名（包名和类名）+其类加载器。</p>
<h2 id="三种类加载器">三种类加载器</h2>
<p>JVM中有三个类加载器：</p>
<ul>
<li>Bootstrap 根类加载器</li>
<li>Extension 扩展类加载器</li>
<li>System 系统类加载器</li>
</ul>
<p>Bootstrap 负责加载Java的核心类（jdk1.7.0_79\jre\lib\rt.jar），String、System等类就在这个包中。</p>
<p>Extension负责加载jdk1.7.0_79\jre\lib\ext（或java.ext.dirs系统属性指定）的目录下的jar包类。</p>
<p>System负责加载 CLASSPATH环境变量（或-classpath、或java.class.path属性）所指定的jar包和类路径。</p>
<h2 id="类加载机制">类加载机制</h2>
<p>类加载器的机制有三种：</p>
<p>1）全盘负责。一个类加载器加载某个Class，以及其所依赖、引用的其它Class。</p>
<p>2）父类委托（也称 双亲委派）。先让父类加载器加载试图加载该Class，只有父类加载器无法加载该类时才尝试从自己的类路径中加载该类。</p>
<p>3）缓存机制。所有加载过的Class都会被缓存，当需要使用某个Class时，先从其缓存区中搜寻该Class，只有当缓存区中不存在该Class对象时，系统才会讲习取该类对应的二进制数据。</p>
<h2 id="类加载过程">类加载过程</h2>
<p>类加载器的层次结构（子 &mdash;-&gt; 父）：</p>
<p>用户类加载器 &mdash;-&gt; 系统类加载器 &mdash;-&gt; 扩展类加载器 &mdash;-&gt; 根类加载器</p>
<p>扩展类加载器没有父类（null），因为根类加载器不是ClassLoader的子类，不是用用java实现的。实际上扩展类加载器的父加载器是根类加载器（不要弄错了）。</p>
<p>java加载器调用过程如下：</p>
<p>当要加载一个Class字节码时，先找当前线程的ContextClassLoader（属于System系统类加载器）去加载，System类加载器不先去加载，而是委托Extension类加载器去加载，同样，Extension类也不先去加载，而是委托Bootsrap加载器去加载，Bootstrap加载器先检查是否加载过，是，则返回Class，否则尝试着去加载，如果加载不了，就让Extends类加载器去加载，同理，Extends类加载器尝试着去加载，如果成功则返回Class实例，否则让System类加载器去加载，System类加载器尝试着去加载，如果成功则返回Class实例，如果不成功，则抛出异常（不会再让自定义类加载器去加载）。</p>
<p>（注意：三个类加载器所加载的路径是不同的，所有不一定可以成功加载）</p>
<p>（注意：在每个类加载器中，都满足三种类加载机制，即全盘负责、父类委托、缓存）</p>
<h1 id="对象初始化">对象初始化</h1>
<p>对象的初始化分两阶段：类初始化阶段、对象初始化阶段。先进行类初始化，再进行对象初始化。</p>
<p>类初始化阶段即静态代码块、静态成员初始化。</p>
<p>对象初始化阶段即普通初始化块、实例变量、构造器的初始化。</p>
<p>无论是类初始化，还是对象初始化，都先执行最顶层父类的，依次向下，直到当前类。</p>
<p>注意：实例化对象时，父类也会自动实例化（父类委托机制）——20190807</p>
<h1 id="初始化块">初始化块</h1>
<p>什么是初始化块？</p>
<pre><code class="language-t">[修饰符]{
//可执行性代码
}
</code></pre>
<p>修饰符是可选项，且只能是static。若不写，是普通初始化块，若写，是静态初始化。</p>
<p>初始化块的作用？</p>
<p>对类或对象进行初始化。</p>
<h2 id="普通初始化块">普通初始化块</h2>
<h3 id="何时执行">何时执行</h3>
<p>普通初始化块随对象的创建而执行。（不创建对象，则不执行）</p>
<h3 id="执行顺序比较">执行顺序比较</h3>
<p>普通初始化块、实例变量、构造器执行顺序：</p>
<p>普通初始化块、实例变量同级，执行顺序与源程序中的排列顺序有关；普通初始化块在构造器之前执行。</p>
<h2 id="静态初始化块">静态初始化块</h2>
<h3 id="何时执行-1">何时执行</h3>
<p>静态初始化块随着类的存在而存在，遵循“静态成员不能访问非静态成员”规则。</p>
<h3 id="执行顺序比较-1">执行顺序比较</h3>
<p>静态初始化块在普通初始化块之前执行。静态初始化块、静态成员变量同级。</p>
<p>（请自行脑补静态初始化块与普通初始化块、实例变量、构造器执行顺序）</p>
<h1 id="图解类加载">图解类加载</h1>
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